What does the term 'syntax' refer to in programming languages?

The term 'syntax' in programming languages refers to the set of rules that defines correctly structured statements and commands within that language. Just as grammar comprises the rules governing the structure of sentences in human languages, syntax in programming dictates how code must be written to be understood by the computer. This includes rules for the arrangement of keywords, operators, symbols, and punctuation necessary to create valid statements.

Understanding syntax is crucial for writing functional code because any deviation from these rules can lead to compile-time errors or syntax errors, preventing programs from running as intended. For instance, missing a semicolon in languages like JavaScript or C++ can result in syntax errors. Mastering the syntax of a programming language is a foundational skill for effective programming, as it ensures that the code adheres to the expected structure and semantics defined by that language.